Addressing the challenges in position detection and visualization monitoring for roadheaders, this study introduces a digital twin-driven method for roadheader pose monitoring. Initially, a three-dimensional positioning model and pose solution model for the roadheader, leveraging ultra-wideband technology, are developed. To mitigate the impact of underground non-line-of-sight environments on UWB positioning accuracy, a C-T fusion algorithm based on maximum correlation entropy Kalman filtering is proposed. This algorithm significantly enhances the precision of positioning tags under NLOS conditions. Subsequently, employing digital twin technology, a digital twin system is constructed using Unity3D software, with a MySQL database serving as the medium for data exchange, thereby facilitating real-time three-dimensional visualization monitoring of the roadheader’s position in virtual space. Ultimately, an experimental platform is assembled to conduct position detection experiments for the roadheader. The experimental outcomes demonstrate that the positional error in the roadheader positioning experiment does not exceed 3.44 cm, and the angular error is within 0.34°. The system’s monitoring capabilities are real-time and effective, ensuring the synchronization and consistency of the system, which aligns with the demands for roadheader pose detection and visualization monitoring during the operation at the mining face. This approach offers a novel perspective on the application of digital twin technology in underground tunneling operations within coal mines.