The traditional registration algorithm has low registration accuracy and slow registration speed on high-resolution rock microscopic images. In addition, in the process of panoramic stitching of microscopic rock slices, due to the lack of effective content in single-view images, effective feature points cannot be extracted, or there are fewer feature points extracted by a single texture, resulting in panoramic image stitching failure. Aiming at the above problems, a BRISK image stitching algorithm based on an improved phase correlation method is proposed. By extracting the similar regions between the images to be registered, the BRISK image registration is performed on the similar regions, and the best matching model obtained by the motion law of the stage is used to register the image without feature points. Finally, the panoramic mosaic of rock slice images is completed. The experimental results demonstrate that the algorithm proposed in this paper achieves a registration accuracy of 87.5% compared to traditional algorithms, with a registration time of 2.662 seconds per pair. It exhibits advantages in terms of both fast registration speed and high accuracy. Moreover, this paper presents a method for panoramic stitching of rock thin sections, which offers practical value for real-time stitching applications.