Ultrasonic microscopy measurement technology is a non-destructive testing method widely used in various fields such as industry, aerospace, and medicine. In order to reduce dependence on imported equipment, particularly for high-frequency ultrasonic excitation and reception devices operating above 100 MHz, research into methods for high-frequency signal excitation and reception is crucial. This paper introduces an ultrasonic excitation circuit utilizing the avalanche breakdown characteristics of a transistor and the voltage multiplication principle of the MARX topology circuit to minimize the excitation pulse width, thus enhancing the bandwidth coverage. Additionally, research on high-frequency ultrasonic signal reception circuits and the integration of an ultrasonic excitation reception instrument are presented. The research realized the localization replacement of the equipment, filling the gap of 100~500 MHz high-frequency pulse transceiver in the domestic ultrasonic field. Experimental results demonstrate that the designed high-frequency excitation signal has a peak-to-peak amplitude of not less than 128 V, a rise time of less than 0.47 ns, and a pulse width of less than 3.5 ns, with a system operating bandwidth covering 500 MHz, meeting the requirements of high-frequency ultrasonic measurement systems.