In order to solve the problem that the P-wave vibration field is difficult to reconstruct due to the aliasing of the near-field transverse and longitudinal wave field in underground explosion, a new method of transverse and longitudinal wave separation and decoupling based on adaptive polarization filtering is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the instantaneous polarization distribution of P/S wave in the wave field is obtained by fractional order Hilbert transform to improve the ability of fine analysis of feature information. Secondly, the instantaneous polarization Angle information of P/S wave is extracted by ACM, and P/S wave and P/S wave are recognized by polarization degree. Thirdly, the Angle information is used to construct the spatial polarization filter. Finally, the separation and decoupling effects of different modulation factors and different characteristic combinations are discussed and analyzed by simulation. The experimental simulation results show that the proposed method can effectively realize the separation and decoupling of wave field. When the directional modulation factor is 10 and the amplitude modulation factor is 3, the separation accuracy reaches 96.5%, and the separation and decoupling effect is the best.