Under the condition of non-uniform temperature field in thermoelectric power generation system, the power voltage curve has multipeak characteristics, the traditional particle swarm optimization algorithm is easy to fall into the local optimum, and the convergence time of cuckoo search algorithm is slow, so a maximum power point tracking control algorithm based on improved cuckoo search algorithm and particle swarm optimization algorithm is proposed. With the minimum convergence time as the constraint function, the optimal power interval is determined by parameter optimization and the critical point parameters is divided. The optimization process is divided into two stages: particle swarm fast coarse optimization and improved cuckoo search steady precision optimization, so as to improve the convergence speed and power generation efficiency of the algorithm. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is superior to other algorithms when the convergence time is 024 s and the power generation efficiency is 99.89% under the condition of uniform temperature field, and when the convergence time is 0.13 s and the power generation efficiency is 99.92% under the condition of nonuniform temperature field. The algorithm converges quickly and has high tracking accuracy, and has passed the benchmark test function test. The effectiveness and universality of the algorithm are verified.