Radio frequency identification technology is one of the important technologies currently promoting the development of the Internet of Things. Because the wireless radio frequency signal is easy to be attacked during the transmission process, the RFID system needs to establish a complete and complete guarantee mechanism. Based on the security requirements and technical status of RFID systems, this paper proposes a lightweight RFID security authentication protocol. The protocol is based on LED cryptography and physical unclonable function, and uses the challenge-response signal pair of PUF for authentication. The LED algorithm encrypts and transmits the response signal of the PUF to ensure the security of the authentication information. After each authentication, the label information in the server will be updated. This paper uses the Verilog language to implement and simulate the circuit certification process, and conduct a comprehensive analysis of the circuit based on the standard cell library of the 40nm platform. Simulation and comprehensive results show that the lightweight RFID security authentication protocol can effectively resist common attacks, and the hardware overhead of tag storage and calculation is low, which is suitable for resource-constrained scenarios.