In order to improve the positioning accuracy and instruction transmission efficiency of BeiDou in aviation emergency rescue system, the information optimization processing technology based on BeiDou/5G is studied. The optimization algorithm model of positioning accuracy based on BeiDou satellite-based augmentation is established. The compression coding method of BeiDou spatial and temporal information transmission is studied, and an aviation emergency rescue system platform based on BeiDou/5G fusion is designed. The positioning accuracy and information transmission performance are verified and analyzed by the system. The results show that the positioning accuracy of emergency rescue terminal is about 1 meter after optimization, and the word length required for a single communication content of BeiDou short message is effectively reduced. The communication efficiency is improved, and the information reliable processing between the rescue terminal and the command center is implemented. The results have certain reference value for the information exchange of aviation emergency rescue system.