In a mobile robot control system, path planning technology occupies the important position, because it determines the robot in the movement the efficiency and accuracy in the process of obstacle avoidance. And associated with the path planning algorithm is gradually become the focus of research scholar experts.With matures and application in the field of science and technology development, we will be facing more complex and changeable movement environment, so the emergence of swarm intelligence algorithm creates more possibilities for the future. Based on the ant colony algorithm, artificial, artificial fish swarm algorithm algorithm, invasive weeds as the main line, introduces the theoretical analysis and application of them respectively, and then the corresponding improvement, for their respective deficiencies in the improved algorithm is analyzed and the robustness, stability and precision of optimization results.